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Jenis Sertifikat Tanah yang Berlaku di Indonesia dan Fungsinya
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Terakhir diperbarui 11 Nopember 2024 · 5 min read · by Septian Nugraha

sertifikat tanah

Sertifikat tanah adalah bukti kepemilikan hak atas tanah dan atau bangunan yang diakui dalam hukum Indonesia. 

Sertifikat tanah dibuat oleh Pejabat Pembuat Akta Tanah (PPAT) dan diterbitkan oleh Badan Pertanahan Nasional (BPN). 

Sertifikat tanah berfungsi sebagai surat tanda bukti yang berisi tentang data fisik dan yuridis suatu lahan.

Sepanjang data fisik dan yuridisnya sesuai dengan surat ukur dan buku tanah, sertifikat tanah tersebut dinyatakan sah.

Jadi, jika Anda membeli tanah atau rumah, Anda harus melakukan pendaftaran tanah atau balik nama sertifikat demi mendapatkan kepastian hukum.

Tujuan pendaftaran tanah tertuang dalam pasal 3 PP No. 24 tahun 1997, di antaranya:

  • Memberi kepastian dan perlindungan hukum kepada pemegang hak atas suatu bidang tanah, satuan rumah susun dan hak lain yang terdaftar, agar membuktikan dirinya sebagai pemegang bersangkutan.
  • Untuk menyediakan informasi kepada pihak-pihak yang berkepentingan termasuk pemerintah, agar mudah memperoleh data yang diperlukan.
  • Untuk penyajian data atas peta pendaftaran, daftar tanah, surat ukur, buku tanah, dan daftar nama di Kantor Pertanahan.
  • Agar terselenggaranya tertib administrasi pertanahan.

Merujuk pada UUPA dan PP No. 18 Tahun 2021 tentang Hak Pengelolaan, Hak Atas Tanah, Satuan Rumah Susun, dan Pendaftaran Tanah, sertifikat tanah terdiri dari berbagai jenis.

Jenis sertifikat tersebut dapat dikelompokkan berdasarkan hak kepemilikannya.

Berikut penjelasannya!

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Jenis-Jenis Sertifikat Tanah 

pengertian sertifikat tanah

1. Sertifikat Hak Milik (SHM)

Sertifikat Hak Milik adalah jenis sertifikat tanah dengan kedudukan tertinggi yang diakui hukum Indonesia. 

Dokumen ini diberikan kepada perorangan yang memiliki tanah dan atau rumah dengan status kepemilikan Hak Milik.

Kepemilikan properti berstatus SHM membuat pemilik tanah dan atau bangunan mempunyai hak penuh untuk mengelola serta memanfaatkan lahan tersebut. 

SHM tidak terikat batas waktu dan dapat diwariskan secara turun-temurun.

Dokumen ini juga dapat dijadikan jaminan utang ke lembaga keuangan resmi seperti perbankan. 

Tebus Rumah

2. Sertifikat Hak Guna Usaha (HGU)

Sertifikat ini diberikan pemerintah kepada perorangan atau badan hukum untuk mengelola atau memanfaatkan sebuah lahan. 

Biasanya, tanah yang diberikan HGU berstatus tanah negara atau tanah negara. 

Tanah ini dapat dikelola dan dimanfaatkan dalam ruang lingkup agraria dan pertanian. 

Berbeda dengan SHM, sertifikat HGU terikat batas waktu selama 35 tahun, tetapi bisa diperpanjang hingga 25 tahun. 

Lebih lanjut, HGU tidak diberikan kepada sembarangan orang.

Ketentuannya telah diatur berdasarkan hukum yang jelas di dalam perundang-undangan.

3. Sertifikat Hak Pakai

Sertifikat Hak Pakai diberikan kepada seseorang atau badan hukum untuk menggunakan dan/atau memungut hasil dari tanah negara atau tanah milik orang lain. 

Hak Pakai diberikan melalui keputusan pejabat yang berwenang atau dalam perjanjian dengan pemilik tanah.

Tujuan diberikannya Hak Pakai adalah agar properti tersebut dapat dikembangkan, dibangun, atau dimanfaatkan untuk mendapatkan hasil produksi.

Adapun objek tanah yang bisa diberikan Hak Pakai meliput tanah negara, tanah Hak Milik, dan tanah Hak Pengelolaan.

Baca juga:

Cara Membuat Sertifikat Tanah Tanpa Notaris, Mudah dan Cepat

4. Sertifikat Hak Pengelolaan 

Jenis sertifikat tanah lainnya adalah Sertifikat Hak Pengelolaan, sebuah dokumen yang diberikan negara untuk mengelola tanah negara dan/atau tanah ulayat. 

Sertifikat ini tidak diberikan kepada sembarang pihak, terutama berkaitan dengan instansi pemerintah dan masyarakat adat.

Pemegang Hak Pengelolaan dapat menggunakan dan memanfaatkan seluruh atau sebagian tanah untuk kepentingan sendiri atau bekerja sama dengan pihak lain. 

Jenis hak atas tanah yang dapat diberikan dalam Hak Pengelolaan adalah HGU, HGB dan/atau Hak Pakai, yang disesuaikan dengan karakteristik dan fungsi tanah. 

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Cara Membuat Sertifikat Tanah

Cara Membuat Sertifikat Tanah

Lantas, bagaimana cara membuat sertifikat tanah?

Pembuatan sertifikat tanah untuk jenis SHM dapat dilakukan dengan mendatangi kantor ATR/BPN setempat. 

Sebelum itu, pastikan Anda menyiapkan sejumlah dokumen sebagai persyaratan administrasi, yang meliputi: 

  • Kartu Tanda Penduduk (KTP)
  • Kartu Keluarga (KK)
  • Fotokopi Nomor Pokok Wajib Pajak (NPWP)
  • Surat Pelunasan Pemberitahuan Pajak Terhutang Pajak Bumi dan Bangunan (SPPT PBB)
  • Sertifikat Asli Hak Guna Bangunan (SHGB)
  • Akta Jual Beli (AJB) 
  • Fotokopi Izin Mendirikan Bangunan (IMB)
  • Surat Pernyataan Kepemilikan Lahan
  • Fotokopi Girik atau Letter C
  • Surat Riwayat Tanah
  • Surat Pernyataan Tidak Sengketa

Baca juga:

6 Cara Cek NJOP Online di Berbagai Daerah dengan Mudah

Jika sudah dilengkapi, Anda akan diminta untuk mengisi formulir dan melakukan verifikasi dokumen.

Selanjutnya, Anda akan mendapatkan Surat Tanda Terima (STT) dan Surat Perintah Setor (SPT) yang harus dibayarkan.

Biaya pendaftaran yang dikeluarkan berkisar Rp50.000 saja.

Setelah pendaftaran selesai, petugas ukur BPN akan mengukur luas tanah dan memasang tanda batas.

Hasil dari pengukuran akan diproses dan dilanjutkan untuk membuat surat keputusan sertifikat tanah dari BPN.

Setelah diukur, Anda akan mendapatkan Surat Keputusan Hak Tanah.

Berapa lama waktu pembuatan sertifikat tanah?

Hal ini dapat berbeda-beda di tiap wilayah, tetapi rata-rata mencapai 60–97 hari.

Perbedaan Buku Tanah dan Sertifikat Tanah

Dalam PP No. 24 Tahun 1997 tentang Pendaftaran Tanah, terdapat pengertian buku tanah dan sertifikat tanah.

Buku tanah adalah dokumen berbentuk daftar yang memuat data yuridis dan fisik suatu objek pendaftaran yang sudah ada haknya.

Sedangkan sertifikat adalah surat tanda bukti hak atas tanah, hak pengelolaan, tanah wakaf serta hak milik atas satuan rumah susun dan hak tanggungan, yang masing-masing dibukukan dalam buku tanah.

Sertifikat tanah diterbitkan untuk kepentingan pemilik dengan data fisik dan yuridis yang telah terdaftar.

Sementara, buku tanah tidak bisa digunakan untuk kepentingan jual beli tanah karena hanya berisi data.

Demikian informasi lengkap mengenai sertifikat tanah yang berlaku di Indonesia.

Punya pertanyaan terkait properti? Yuk, kunjungi laman Teras123!

Semoga informasi di atas bermanfaat.

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