9 Jenis Sertifikat Tanah yang Penting Diketahui sebelum Membeli Lahan
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Terakhir diperbarui 06 Desember 2024 · 9 min read · by Miyanti Rahman
Pemahaman akan jenis sertifikat tanah sangat penting dalam proses jual beli tanah. Mengingat, jenis-jenis sertifikat memberikan hak kepemilikan yang berbeda-beda.
Membeli tanah dengan jenis surat tanah yang tidak sesuai atau memiliki masalah hukum dapat menimbulkan berbagai risiko seperti sengketa, pembatalan transaksi dan kerugian finansial.
Jenis sertifikat tanah juga akan mempengaruhi perencanaan jangka panjang atas lahan tersebut, serta mempengaruhi nilai jual dan return of investment (ROI) ke depannya.
Dengan mengetahui jenis-jenis sertifikat tanah terlebih dulu, pembeli dapat memilih lahan yang sesuai dengan kebutuhan dan tujuan jangka panjang, serta melakukan negosiasi dengan lebih baik.
Artikel ini akan memberikan gambaran umum tentang berbagai jenis sertifikat tanah yang ditemukan di Indonesia serta implikasinya bagi calon pembeli.
Namun sebelum itu, simak dulu penjelasan tentang sertifikat tanda bukti hak apakah sama dengan Sertifikat Hak Milik (SHM), karena pertanyaan ini lumayan sering diajukan.
Sertifikat Tanda Bukti Hak Apakah Sama dengan SHM?
Sertifikat tanda bukti hak adalah istilah yang cukup umum digunakan, tetapi sebenarnya tidak memiliki definisi yang baku dalam hukum pertanahan Indonesia.
Istilah ini seringkali digunakan untuk menyebut berbagai jenis sertifikat tanah yang bukan SHM, misalnya sebagai berikut.
Sertifikat Hak Guna Usaha (HGU);
Sertifikat Hak Pakai (SHP);
Sertifikat Hak Guna Bangunan (HGB);
Sertifikat Hak Pengelolaan (SHPN);
Sertifikat Hak Atas Satuan Rumah Susun (SHMSRS);
girik;
petok D; dan
letter C.
Selanjutnya, kita akan membahas SHM adalah serta bukti kepemilikan tanah selain sertifikat hak milik yang disebutkan dalam list di atas. Yuk, simak!
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Apa Saja Jenis Sertifikat Tanah?
1. Sertifikat Hak Milik (SHM)
Foto contoh sertifikat tanah SHM
SHM adalah singkatan dari Sertifikat Hak Milik. Pemegang surat SHM artinya memiliki kekuasaaan penuh atas tanah atau lahan miliknya sendiri.
Seperti diketahui sertifikat SHM adalah sertifikat dengan kedudukan tertinggi dan terkuat di mata hukum. Dokumen ini menunjukkan bukti kepemilikan yang sah & valid.
Pemilik sertifikat hak milik tanah dan bangunan ini punya hak penuh untuk mengelola, serta memanfaatkan tanah sesuai yang diinginkannya.
Jika sewaktu-waktu terjadi sengketa, maka pemilik sertifikat rumah dan tanah inilah yang paling berhak. Tidak ada pihak lain yang dapat menganggu-gugat.
Sebagai informasi, SHM hanya dapat dimiliki oleh warga negara Indonesia. Oleh karena itu, warga negara asing tidak dapat memiliki tanah dengan SHM.
Jika warna negara asing memperoleh tanah SHM karena ada pewarisan tanpa wasiat atau percampuran harta perkawinan, maka wajib melepaskan hak miliknya dalam waktu 1 tahun.
Keuntungan memiliki SHM bagi pembeli rumah, yaitu sebagai berikut.
Memberikan kewenangan bagi pemilik tanah untuk melakukan segala macam keperluan di atas tanah tersebut.
Masa berlaku selamanya, selama pemiliknya masih hidup.
Dapat diturunkan kepada ahli waris selama memenuhi sejumlah syarat dan ketentuan perundang-undangan.
Kedudukan dan keleluasaan SHM lebih tinggi dibandingkan SHGU dan SHGB.
Dapat diperjualbelikan, disewakan, diwariskan, digadaikan hingga dijadikan jaminan utang dana ke bank.
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2. Sertifikat Hak Guna Usaha (HGU)
Foto ilustrasi gambar sertifikat tanah
Hak Guna Usaha (HGU) adalah hak untuk mengusahakan tanah yang dikuasai oleh negara. Maka dapat dipastikan status tanah tersebut adalah milik negara.
Berdasarkan peraturan pemerintah, luas minimum kepemilikan HGU adalah 5 hektare dengan jangka waktu penguasaan lahan paling lama 35 tahun.
Bila jangka waktu habis, HGU boleh diperpanjang hingga 25 tahun (selama negara setuju). Proses ini perlu dilakukan selambat-lambatnya dua tahun sebelum berakhir.
Jika luas tanah melebihi 25 hektare, maka dibutuhkan mekanisme khusus untuk mendapatkan hak gunanya. Lalu bagaimana cara mendapatkan hak ini?
Singkatnya, pemohon hak guna perlu menentukan lokasi lahan dilanjutkan dengan pengurusan izin lokasi. Setelah itu melakukan pembebasan lahan.
Nah, biasanya pemerintah memberikan hak penggunaan kepada individu, badan usaha atau koperasi guna tujuan tertentu. Misalnya peternakan, perikanan dan sebagainya.
Keuntungan memiliki tanah dengan HGU.
Pemegang HGU memiliki hak untuk menggunakan tanah negara untuk jangka waktu yang telah ditentukan dalam izinnya, biasanya cukup panjang, memberikan kepastian hukum dalam menjalankan usaha.
HGU biasanya diberikan untuk kegiatan usaha tertentu, seperti perkebunan, pertambangan, atau industri. Ini memungkinkan pemegang HGU untuk berkonsentrasi pada pengembangan usahanya tanpa perlu khawatir akan kepemilikan tanah.
Bagi perusahaan besar, HGU dapat menjadi investasi jangka panjang yang menguntungkan, terutama jika usaha yang dilakukan berhasil dan nilai tanah meningkat.
Namun ada risikonya, yaitu penggunaan tanah harus sesuai dengan izin yang diberikan. Perubahan penggunaan atau perpanjangan jangka waktu HGU perlu izin dari pemerintah.
Selain itu, terdapat risiko pembatalan seandainya pemegang HGU tidak memenuhi kewajibannya atau izin HGU berakhir.
3. Sertifikat Hak Pakai
Sertifikat Hak Pakai (SHP) merupakan bukti legalitas yang memungkinkan pemanfaatan properti sesuai dengan karakteristik hak pakainya. Objeknya antara lain:
tanah negara;
tanah hak pengelolaan; atau
tanah hak milik.
Penerbitan SHP dilakukan melalui keputusan menteri atau pejabat berwenang. Sertifikat ini dapat dimanfaatkan oleh masyarakat luas maupun lembaga.
Hak pakai diberikan selama jangka waktu tertentu dan tidak boleh disertai syarat-syarat yang mengandung unsur pemerasan.
SHP memiliki masa berlaku tertentu dan dapat diperpanjang sesuai kesepakatan antara pemilik tanah dan pemegang SHP.
Sistemnya memang mirip sewa-menyewa tetapi tetapi kategori sertifikat ini nyatanya berbeda. Adapun hak-hak yang diberikan kepada pengelola, yaitu sebagai berikut.
Mengembangkan tanah.
Membangun atau mengembangkan properti.
Mengolah tanah untuk mendapatkan hasil produksi.
4. Sertifikat Hak Guna Bangunan (SHGB)
Sertifikat Hak Guna Bangunan (HGB) merupakan instrumen penting dalam dunia properti. Memberikan hak kepada pemegangnya untuk memanfaatkan tanah negara.
Namun, berbeda dengan hak pakai dan gak guna, HGB dapat ditingkatkan menjadi SHM. Dokumen ini menawarkan peluang dan manfaat bagi individu dan investor.
Hak dan manfaat bagi pemegang HGB, yaitu sebagai berikut.
Pemegang HGB berhak membangun struktur permanen di atas tanah, membuka peluang untuk hunian, komersial, dan industri.
Jangka waktu HGB umumnya berlaku selama 30 tahun (boleh diperpanjang sampai 20 tahun), sehingga memberikan kepastian dan stabilitas bagi pemegangnya.
Berbeda dengan SHM, SHGB dapat dimiliki oleh Warga Negara Asing (WNA), membuka peluang investasi properti bagi pihak luar negeri.
Pada umumnya, lahan dengan status HGB banyak dimanfaatkan oleh developer untuk membangun apartemen atau perumahan baru. Jarang individu yang membeli tanah HGB.
Apa beda sertifikat SHM dan HGB? Lihat penjelasannya dalam tabel berikut.
Fitur
SHM
HGB
Jangka waktu
Berlaku selamanya.
Ada batas waktu, yaitu 30 tahun dan harus diperpanjang secara berkala.
Nilai jual
Umumnya lebih tinggi dibandingkan HGB.
Umumnya lebih rendah dibandingkan SHM.
Penggunaan
Pemilik SHM bebas menggunakan tanahnya sesuai keinginan, baik untuk tempat tinggal, usaha, atau investasi.
Penggunaan tanah terbatas sesuai dengan perjanjian dan izin yang diberikan.
Jaminan hukum
Sangat kuat.
Kurang kuat dibandingkan SHM.
5. Sertifikat Hak Pengelolaan (HPL)
HPL adalah hak untuk mengelola tanah negara. Ini berbeda dengan hak milik, di mana pemegang HPL tidak memiliki hak penuh atas tanah tersebut.
Dia hanya berhak mengelola sesuai dengan ketentuan yang berlaku. HPL biasanya diberikan kepada instansi pemerintah, BUMN, atau badan hukum lainnya untuk tujuan tertentu.
Misalnya seperti pengelolaan kawasan industri atau kawasan wisata. Sertifikat hak pengelolaan umumnya memiliki jangka waktu yang lebih panjang, tetapi tetap terbatas.
Selain itu, surat tanah ini tidak dapat dialihtangankan kepada pihak lain dengan mudah. Adapun implikasi risiko ketika membeli tanah dengan status HPL.
Pembeli hanya memiliki hak atas bangunan, bukan tanahnya. Ini berarti Anda tidak memiliki hak penuh atas properti tersebut.
Hak pengelolaan memiliki jangka waktu tertentu. Jika jangka waktu tersebut habis dan tidak diperpanjang, Anda bisa kehilangan hak atas properti tersebut.
Proses perpanjangan sertifikat ini seringkali melibatkan persyaratan yang ketat dan birokrasi yang panjang.
Tidak ada jaminan bahwa perpanjangan HPL akan disetujui. Jika perpanjangan ditolak, nilai properti Anda bisa menurun drastis.
6. Sertifikat Hak Atas Satuan Rumah Susun (SHMSRS)
Macam-macam status tanah selanjutnya ialah Sertifikat Hak Atas Satuan Rumah Susun (SHMSRS) yang berlaku untuk kepemilikan hunian vertikal di atas tanah HGB murni.
SHMSRS adalah dokumen resmi yang membuktikan kepemilikan seseorang atas suatu unit apartemen dalam sebuah bangunan rumah susun.
Isi sertifikat tanah ini, yaitu sebagai berikut.
Identitas pemilik meliputi nama lengkap dan alamat.
Deskripsi unit.
Gambar denah lengkap dari unit apartemen dan bangunan rumah susun.
Hak dan kewajiban pemilik unit apartemen, termasuk kewajiban membayar iuran pengelolaan.
SHMSRS adalah dokumen penting bagi pemilik apartemen. Dengan memahaminya, Anda dapat membuat keputusan yang lebih baik saat membeli atau menjual apartemen.
7. Sertifikat Tanah Berbentuk Girik
Contoh sertifikat tanah girik
Girik adalah bukti pembayaran pajak atas lahan, bukan sertifikat tanah. Namun, dapat digunakan untuk menunjukkan penguasaan individu terhadap sebidang tanah.
Lahan berstatus tanah girik umumnya berasal dari hak milik adat yang belum didaftarkan di Badan Pertanahan Nasional (BPN).
Status hukum girik tergolong tidak kuat dibanding surat kepemilikan tanah lain. Proses peningkatan girik menjadi HGB atau SHM membutuhkan dokumen yang lengkap.
Perlu diketahui juga proses peningkatan status tersebut membutuhkan waktu dan biaya.
Bunga KPR Terbaru
Beli properti impian dengan memilih produk KPR terbaik di Rumah123
Bank Mandiri
Bunga mulai
3.95%
Tenor maks.
30 tahun
Angsuran mulai dari
Rp. 1.138.889
Bank OCBC
Bunga mulai
4.75%
Tenor maks.
25 tahun
Angsuran mulai dari
Rp. 1.368.282
Bank BTN
Bunga mulai
5.46%
Tenor maks.
30 tahun
Angsuran mulai dari
Rp. 1.356.677
*Perhitungan angsuran berdasarkan tenor maksimal, harga rumah Rp 300 juta, dan uang muka 20%.Lihat Semua Bank
Jika membeli tanah girik, maka pastikan nama yang tertera pada dokumen girik serupa dengan yang tertera pada Akta Jual Beli (AJB).
Hal ini dimaksudkan untuk menghindari konflik yang terjadi di masa depan.
8. Sertifikat Tanah Berbentuk Petok D
Petok D adalah salah satu jenis surat bukti kepemilikan tanah yang masih sering ditemui di beberapa daerah di Indonesia, terutama di daerah pedesaan.
Meskipun bukan merupakan sertifikat resmi seperti sertifikat hak milik, Petok D tetap memiliki nilai penting sebagai bukti kepemilikan tanah.
Petok D pada dasarnya merupakan sebuah buku register atau catatan yang dibuat oleh pemerintah desa atau kelurahan untuk mencatat kepemilikan tanah di wilayah tersebut.
Buku tanah dari desa ini berisi keterangan nama pemilik tanah, luas tanah, letak tanah dan batasan tanah. Biasanya dibuat secara manual dan disimpan di kantor desa atau kelurahan.
Dokumen Petok D merupakan dokumentasi awal kepemilikan tanah yang cukup sederhana dan mudah dibuat. Pembuatannya lebih murah jika dibandingkan SHM.
Namun pembeli tanah Petok D perlu memahami risiko ini.
Petok D bukanlah sertifikat resmi yang diakui secara nasional seperti SHM.
Petok D lebih mudah dipalsukan dibandingkan dengan SHM, karena dibuat secara manual.
Kepemilikan tanah yang hanya dibuktikan dengan Petok D memiliki tingkat keamanan hukum yang lebih rendah.
Bank atau lembaga keuangan biasanya tidak menerima Petok D sebagai agunan.
9. Sertifikat Tanah Berbentuk Letter C
Letter C pada dasarnya adalah sebuah surat keterangan yang dikeluarkan oleh pemerintah desa atau kelurahan sebagai bukti bahwa seseorang memiliki hak atas sebidang tanah
Surat tanah dari desa ini berisi informasi dasar mengenai tanah tersebut, seperti nama pemilik tanah, lokasi tanah, luas tanah dan tanggal penerbitan.
Letter C sering disamakan dengan Petok D, tetapi ada beberapa perbedaan mendasar dari segi bentuk dan isi. Berikut penjelasan selengkanya yang perlu diketahui.
Petok D umumnya berbentuk buku register, sedangkan Letter C berbentuk surat.
Letter C cenderung lebih sederhana dan hanya berisi informasi dasar, sementara Petok D bisa berisi data yang lebih lengkap.
Itulah beberapa jenis sertifikat tanah yang penting diketahui sebelum transaksi jual beli lahan.
Semoga ulasan di atas dapat bermanfaat untuk kita semua, ya.
Selamat mencari properti impian!
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