Adakah bukti kepemilikan tanah selain sertifikat? Tentu saja ada, bila konteks pertanyaannya sebatas bukti kepemilikan saja.
Namun, bila konteks pertanyaannya adalah bukti kepemilikan tanah yang sah dan diakui dalam hukum Indonesia, maka tidak ada jawaban lain selain sertifikat.
Tengok saja Undang-Undang Pokok Agraria No.5/1960 Pasal 16 yang menjadi dasar hukum penetapan bukti kepemilikan tanah yang sah di Indonesia.
Disebutkan, hak atas tanah meliputi hak milik, hak guna usaha, hak guna bangunan, hak pakai, hak sewa, hak membuka tanah, dan hak memungut hasil hutan.
Bukti otentik atas hak-hak yang telah disebutkan di atas pun didokumentasikan ke dalam sertifikat resmi, yakni:
- Sertifikat Hak Milik (SHM)
- Sertifikat Hak Guna Bangunan (SHGB)
- Sertifikat Hak Milik atas Satuan Rumah Susun (SHMSRS).
Dari ketiga jenis sertifikat tersebut, SHM memiliki kedudukan hukum tertinggi.
Legitimasinya diejawantahkan dalam Pasal 20 ayat 1 UUPA.
Dalam pasal tersebut, dijelaskan bahwa hak milik adalah hak turun-temurun, terkuat dan terpenuh yang dapat dipunyai orang atas tanah.
Meski begitu, ada pula sejumlah dokumen yang menjadi bukti kepemilikan tanah selain sertifikat di kalangan masyarakat
Hanya saja kedudukannya di mata hukum tidak setinggi SHM maupun SHGB.
Apa saja? Simak daftar lengkapnya di bawah ini.
Jenis-Jenis Bukti Kepemilikan Tanah Selain Sertifikat
1. Girik
Contoh surat girik tanah asli: Tribun Pontianak
Girik adalah surat tanah yang digunakan untuk keperluan perpajakan.
Hanya saja, sebagian masyarakat menganggap surat ini sebagai bukti kepemilikan atas tanah.
Tanah dengan surat tersebut, lazim dikenal dengan istilah tanah girik, atau tanah tanpa sertifikat resmi.
Tanah girik biasanya didapatkan secara turun-temurun atau warisan.
Namun, tidak sedikit pula yang diperoleh dari transaksi jual-beli.
Karena statusnya sebagai surat pertanahan untuk keperluan perpajakan, pemilik tanah ini tetap diwajibkan membayar Pajak Bumi dan Bangunan (PBB).
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2. Letter C
Contoh surat letter C dari desa: dusunluwung.blogspot.com
Letter C adalah dokumen tanah tradisional yang ada sejak zaman kolonial Belanda.
Dokumen ini dijadikan sebagai catatan perpajakan dan keterangan identitas atas tanah.
Letter C tanah dibuat oleh perangkat desa atau kelurahan setempat.
Statusnya sama dengan tanah girik, yaitu surat tanah jaman dulu.
Karena itu, jika ditanya apakah Letter C merupakan bukti kepemilikan tanah, maka jawabannya tidak.
Seperti ditegaskan di atas, bukti kepemilikan tanah dan/atau bangunan yang sah sesuai hukum Indonesia hanyalah sertifikat.
Namun, dokumen ini masih bisa digunakan sebagai bukti kepemilikan tanah dalam transaksi jual-beli.
Selain status hukumnya yang lemah, kekurangan lain dari letter C tanah adalah datanya yang dianggap tidak lengkap dan akurat.
Pasalnya, pemeriksaan surat ini cenderung dilakukan asal-asalan.
Surat keterangan kepemilikan tanah ini tidak diberikan langsung kepada masyarakat, karena statusnya sebagai catatan pertanahanan desa atau kelurahan.
Karena itu, surat letter C asli atas tanah tersebut disimpan di kantor desa atau kelurahan setempat.
Adapun yang diberikan kepada masyarakat atau pemilik tanah adalah kutipan dari surat letter C dengan bentuk surat girik.
Lalu, apakah bisa melakukan pendaftaran tanah letter C ke SHM? Jawabannya bisa.
Proses pendaftaran tanah letter C ke SHM bisa dilakukan di kantor ATR/BPN setempat.
Namun, sebelum mengajukan, lengkapi dulu beberapa dokumen persyaratan berikut:
- Surat keterangan tanah tidak sengketa
- Surat keterangan riwayat tanah
- Surat keterangan penguasaan tanah secara sporadik.
Nah, jika sudah lengkap, maka kamu bisa mendatangi kantor ATR/BPN setempat untuk melakukan pendaftaran tanah.
3. Petok D
Contoh surat petok D asli: blitarportal.blogspot.com
Surat keterangan kepemilikan tanah ini biasanya dibuat oleh kepala desa dan camat setempat.
Di masa lalu, tepatnya sebelum UUPA disahkan, petok D menjadi alat bukti kepemilikan tanah yang setara dengan sertifikat.
Karena itu, statusnya juga surat tanah jaman dulu.
Namun, setelah terbitnya UUPA, fungsi surat tanah tradisional ini berubah menjadi bukti pembayaran pajak tanah.
Adapun dalam Pasal 3 Peraturan Menteri Pertanian dan Agraria No.2/1962, disebutkan;
“Petok D adalah bukti permulaan untuk mendapatkan tanda bukti hak atas tanah secara yuridis, yaitu sertifikat hak milik (SHM).”
Sekilas, petok D ini mirip dengan surat letter C, tetapi secara status dan fungsi kedua dokumen tersebut sejatinya berbeda.
Perbedaan letter C dan petok D paling kentara bisa dilihat dari statusnya.
Letter C adalah buku register pertanahan, sementara petok D merupakan surat yang menunjukkan alas hak atas tanah tersebut.
4. Surat Hijau
Contoh surat ijo: Suara Surabaya
Sebagian besar masyarakat Indonesia mungkin asing dengan istilah “Surat Hijau” atau “Surat Ijo.”
Maklum, karena surat ini sejatinya hanya berlaku di Kota Surabaya.
Surat Ijo adalah Hak Pengelolaan Lahan (HPL) yang diberikan kepada orang yang menyewa lahan milik pemerintah kota.
Alasan dokumen ini dikenal sebagai “surat ijo” adalah karena blangko surat tersebut berwarna hijau.
Surat ijo dapat diperpanjang selama tanah yang disewakan tidak digunakan oleh Pemerintah Kota (Pemkot) Surabaya.
Baca juga:
5 Jenis Sertifikat Tanah yang Penting Diketahui sebelum Membeli Lahan
5. Pipil Tanah
Selain girik dan petok D, ada pula surat pipil yang dikenal sebagai salah satu dokumen legalitas pertanahan tradisional selain sertifikat.
Sejatinya, pipil tanah adalah Surat Tanda Pembayaran Pajak sebelum tahun 1960, atau sebelum terbitnya UUPA.
Pipil tanah cukup populer di Bali, karena dokumen ini dianggap sebagai alat bukti kepemilikan hak atas tanah adat oleh masyarakat sekitar.
Namun, sama halnya dengan girik dan petok D, saat ini status pipil berubah menjadi surat tanah tradisional informal yang harus dikonversi menjadi SHM atau SHGB.
6. Rincik
Contoh rincik tanah: Google Images
Surat tradisional lain yang dianggap sebagai tanda kepemilikan tanah adalah rincik.
Rincik sejatinya merupakan Surat Pendaftaran Sementara Tanah Milik Indonesia yang ada sebelum tahun 1960.
Surat tanah jaman dulu ini cukup populer di sejumlah daerah, salah satunya Makassar.
Dokumen ini dianggap sebagai bukti penguasaan dan penggunaan tanah adat.
7. Eigendom Verponding
Contoh eigendom verponding: jendela360.com
Pada zaman kolonial Belanda, hak kepemilikan atas tanah dikenal dengan istilah eigendom.
Hak tersebut dibedakan dalam dua jenis, yaitu eigendom biasa dan eigendom verponding.
Eigendom biasa adalah hak kepemilikan tanah yang diberikan kepada orang Eropa dan Timur Asing.
Adapun untuk orang pribumi, hak milik atas tanahnya berupa agrarische eigendom.
Eigendom verponding adalah hak kepemilikan tanah yang bisa dibuktikan dengan surat tagihan pajak.
Pasalnya, verponding adalah surat tagihan pajak tanah dan/atau bangunan pada zaman Hindia Belanda.
Verponding sejatinya masih digunakan hingga saat ini, tetapi berubah istilah menjadi Surat Pemberitahuan Pajak Terhutang Pajak Bumi dan Bangunan (SPPT-PBB).
Selain eigendom, ada pula beberapa hak kepemilikan tanah di zaman Belanda seperti grondkaart, erfpacht, opstaal, dan vruchtgebruik.
Meski berstatus produk lawas, nyatanya masih ada sejumlah perjanjian jual-beli tanah yang menggunakan eigendom sebagai bukti kepemilikan.
Namun, mengacu pada Peraturan Pemerintah (PP) No.24 Tahun 1997 tentang Pendaftaran Tanah, lahan dengan status eigendom bisa dikonversi ke SHM.
Hal tersebut dapat dilakukan selama pemohon masih tercatat sebagai pemegang hak atas tanah dalam bukti-bukti lama tersebut.
8. Tupi Tanah
Contoh tupi tanah: lokadata.id
Sebagian dari Anda mungkin asing dengan istilah tupi tanah.
Namun, tupi tanah sejatinya dimiliki oleh semua pemilik tanah maupun bangunan.
Tupi tanah adalah istilah dalam bahasa Jawa untuk Surat Pemberitahuan Pajak Terhutang Pajak Bumi dan Bangunan (SPPT PBB).
Banyak orang yang menganggap bahwa tupi tanah adalah bukti kepemilikan tanah.
Pasalnya, melalui dokumen ini mereka dikenakan pajak atas kepemilikan tanah.
Namun, seperti yang telah disebutkan, sesuai UUPA, tupi tanah juga tidak tergolong sebagai bukti kepemilikan properti yang sah.
Baca juga:
3 Cara Mengecek Tanah Bermasalah atau Tidak
Itulah jenis-jenis bukti kepemilikan tanah selain sertifikat yang wajib kita ketahui.
Punya pertanyaan lain seputar properti? Yuk, diskusikan di Teras123!
Semoga bermanfaat.